ظهور صورة السيدة العذراء على زجاج نافدة كنيستها بالزيتون
ظهور صورة السيدة العذراء على زجاج نافدة كنيستها بالزيتون
Risk factors for cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx (cavity excluded) and larynx
Risk factors for cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx (cavity excluded) and larynx Objective > To review the risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx. Methods > Review of the literature using the Medline digital database (1980–2007). Previously published studies or studies not found in the database were included if relevant. Four types of studies were selected: (1) epidemiological, (2) toxicologic, (3) clinical, and (4) fundamental research. Publications concerning cancer of the nasopharynx were excluded. This work is based upon the ANAES guide for analysis of the literature and rating of guidelines, published in January 2000. Results > The principal risk factors are tobacco and alcohol. Other risk factors, particularly infectious (viral) or environmental (nutritional and occupational), are also involved. From this analysis we conclude that: (1) most clinical and fundamental publications concern smoking and alcohol use;...
